The arrival of the “Balaalo” – southern migrant cattle farmers into Northern Uganda has been portrayed by some stakeholders as an unwelcome invasion that must all be evicted therefore necessitating HE the President to issue Executive Order 3 of 2023. Yet to the contrary, others still have portrayed them as a major economic opportunity if well harnessed. This OWC-AFLI report presents the views and opinions of different key actors and insights gleaned from the various document reviews, key stakeholder meetings, and analysis of the five inter-related topical issues that are explicitly or implicitly contained in the President’s Executive Order No. 3 of 2023. It seeks to provide recommendations through which the ‘Balaalo’ problem can be turned into an opportunity for the development of the livestock industry in Northern and Northeastern Uganda, how commercial charcoal burning ended, effective land use enhanced, land conflicts resolved, and war debt compensation completed.